📄️ Introduction to Amplifiers
An amplifier is one of the most important building blocks in electronics.
📄️ Operational Amplifier – Ideal Concept
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is like a universal amplifier building block.
📄️ Op-Amp Basics: Inverting, Non-Inverting
Now that you understand the ideal op-amp concept, let’s look at the two most fundamental op-amp configurations:
📄️ Op-Amp Practical Limitations
So far, we’ve studied ideal op-amps—perfect devices that exist only in textbooks. Real op-amps are extremely good, but not perfect. Understanding their limitations helps you design circuits that work reliably outside simulations.
📄️ Comparators and Signal Conditioning
So far, we’ve learned how to amplify signals. Now we move to the next critical step in real-world electronics:
📄️ Op-Amp Applications: Mathematical Operations
We've learned the basics of op-amps. Now let's see how they can perform actual math operations on signals.
📄️ Active Filters: Shaping Signals with Precision
In the Fundamentals section, we learned about passive RC filters. They work, but they have limitations:
📄️ Instrumentation Amplifiers: Precision Measurement
We've learned about difference amplifiers. They subtract signals. But they have a problem:
📄️ 555 Timer: The Workhorse IC
The 555 timer is one of the most popular ICs ever made.
📄️ 555 Timer Applications: Astable Mode
In the last lesson, we learned about monostable mode (one-shot).
📄️ Oscillator Circuits: Generating Signals
We've seen the 555 timer generate square waves. But what if you need:
📄️ Wheatstone Bridge and Measurement Circuits
The Wheatstone bridge is one of the most elegant measurement circuits ever invented.
📄️ Linear Regulators
A voltage regulator is like a water valve that maintains constant pressure no matter what.
📄️ Switching Regulators – Buck, Boost (Conceptual)
In the previous lesson, we saw that linear regulators waste extra voltage as heat.
📄️ Protection Circuits (Diodes, Fuses, TVS)
Electronics are fragile. A wrong connection, a power surge, or an accidental mistake can destroy a circuit instantly.